Coronavirus Disease Update (COVID-19)

What is Coronavirus ? Is there any home remedy or treatment to cure coronavirus infected people? 

Coronaviruses

Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can be mild, such as some cases of the common cold, and others that can be lethal, such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.

Symptoms in other species vary:

•         In chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease
•         In cows and pigs they cause diarrhoea.

Coronaviruses China India

There are yet to be vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections. Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 27 to 34 kilobases, the largest among known RNA viruses. The name coronavirus is derived from the Latin corona, meaning "crown" or "halo" , which refers to the characteristic appearance reminiscent of a crown or a solar corona around the virions when viewed under two-dimensional transmission electron microscopy, due to the surface being covered in club-shaped protein spikes.

History of Coronavirus :

Coronviruses were first discovered in the 1930s when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens was shown to be caused by infectious bronchitis virus . In the 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus, were isolated. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43. Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections. Etymology The name "coronavirus" is derived from Latin corona, meaning "crown" or "wreath" , itself a borrowing from Greek korṓnē, "garland, wreath" . The name refers to the characteristic appearance of virions by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a crown or of a solar corona. This morphology is created by the viral spike peplomers, which are proteins on the surface of the virus. Morphology Coronaviruses are large pleomorphic spherical particles with bulbous surface projections. The diameter of the virus particles is around 120 nm. The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer where the membrane, envelope and spike structural proteins are anchored. A subset of coronaviruses also have a shorter spike-like surface protein called hemagglutinin esterase . The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell.

What is Genome Coronavirus:

Genome Coronaviruses contain a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The genome size for coronaviruses ranges from approximately 27 to 34 kilobases. The genome organization for a coronavirus is 5′-leader-UTR-replicase/transcriptase-spike -envelope -membrane -nucleocapsid -3′UTR-poly tail. The open reading frames 1a and 1b, which occupy the first two-thirds of the genome, encode the replicase/transcriptase polyprotein. The replicase/transcriptase polyprotein self cleaves to form the nonstructural proteins . Interspersed between these reading frames are the reading frames for the accessory proteins. The number of accessory proteins and their function is unique depending on the specific coronavirus. On entry into the host cell, the virus particle is uncoated, and its genome enters the cell cytoplasm. The coronavirus RNA genome has a 5′ methylated cap and a 3′ polyadenylated tail, which allows the RNA to attach to the host cell's ribosome for translation. The host ribosome translates the initial overlapping open reading frame of the virus genome and forms a long polyprotein. The polyprotein has its own proteases which cleave the polyprotein into multiple nonstructural proteins. Replication A number of the nonstructural proteins coalesce to form a multi-protein replicase-transcriptase complex . The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase .

It is directly involved in the replication and transcription of RNA from an RNA strand. The other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription process. The exoribonuclease non-structural protein, for instance, provides extra fidelity to replication by providing a proofreading function which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks. One of the main functions of the complex is to replicate the viral genome. RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense genomic RNA. Progeny viruses are then released from the host cell by exocytosis through secretory vesicles. The interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complement host cell receptor is central in determining the tissue tropism, infectivity, and species range of the virus. The SARS coronavirus, for example, infects human cells by attaching to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor.

Risk factor Human Coronaviruses :

Some can kill more than 30% of those infected, and some are relatively harmless, such as the common cold. Coronaviruses can cause pneumonia and bronchitis. The much publicized human coronavirus discovered in 2003, SARS-CoV, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections.

 #Human coronavirus 229E, α-CoV #Human coronavirus NL63, α-CoV – and three produce symptoms that are potentially severe, all of which are β-CoV strains:

#Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, previously known as novel coronavirus 2012 and HCoV-EMC #Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus #Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, previously known as 2019-nCoV or "novel coronavirus 2019" The coronaviruses HCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, and -HKU1 continually circulate in the human population and cause respiratory infections in adults and children world-wide.

Outbreaks of coronavirus diseases :

Severe acute respiratory syndrome In 2003, following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome which had begun the prior year in Asia, and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization issued a press release stating that a novel coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the causative agent for SARS. The virus was officially named the SARS coronavirus . More than 8,000 people were infected, about ten percent of whom died. The World Health Organization issued a global alert soon after. The WHO update on 28 September 2012 said the virus did not seem to pass easily from person to person. However, on 12 May 2013, a case of human-to-human transmission in France was confirmed by the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. In addition, cases of human-to-human transmission were reported by the Ministry of Health in Tunisia. Two confirmed cases involved people who seemed to have caught the disease from their late father, who became ill after a visit to Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Despite this, it appears the virus had trouble spreading from human to human, as most individuals who are infected do not transmit the virus. By 30 October 2013, there were 124 cases and 52 deaths in Saudi Arabia

In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China. On 31 December 2019, the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of coronavirus, which was given the interim name 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization, later renamed SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Some researchers have suggested that the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market may not be the original source of viral transmission to humans. As of, there have been at least confirmed deaths and more than confirmed cases in the coronavirus pneumonia pandemic.

The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain of Betacoronavirus from group 2B with approximately 70% genetic similarity to the SARS-CoV. The virus has a 96% similarity to a bat coronavirus, so it is widely suspected to originate from bats as well. The pandemic has resulted in travel restrictions and nationwide lockdowns in several countries. Other animals Coronaviruses have been recognized as causing pathological conditions in veterinary medicine since the early 1970s. Except for avian infectious bronchitis, the major related diseases have mainly an intestinal location.

Diseases caused Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds. They also cause a range of diseases in farm animals and domesticated pets, some of which can be serious and are a threat to the farming industry. In chickens, the infectious bronchitis virus, a coronavirus, targets not only the respiratory tract but also the urogenital tract. The virus can spread to different organs throughout the chicken. Economically significant coronaviruses of farm animals include porcine coronavirus and bovine coronavirus, which both result in diarrhoea in young animals. Feline coronavirus: two forms, feline enteric coronavirus is a pathogen of minor clinical significance, but spontaneous mutation of this virus can result in feline infectious peritonitis, a disease associated with high mortality. Similarly, there are two types of coronavirus that infect ferrets: Ferret enteric coronavirus causes a gastrointestinal syndrome known as epizootic catarrhal enteritis, and a more lethal systemic version of the virus known as ferret systemic coronavirus. There are two types of canine coronavirus, one that causes mild gastrointestinal disease and one that has been found to cause respiratory disease. Mouse hepatitis virus is a coronavirus that causes an epidemic murine illness with high mortality, especially among colonies of laboratory mice. Sialodacryoadenitis virus is highly infectious coronavirus of laboratory rats, which can be transmitted between individuals by direct contact and indirectly by aerosol. Acute infections have high morbidity and tropism for the salivary, lachrymal and harderian glands. A HKU2-related bat coronavirus called swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus causes diarrhoea in pigs.

Misconception and Wrong Information :

Before we share that new post telling us that drinking herbal tea cures COVID-19, consider that sharing misinformation about Indigenous knowledge on social media, especially anything that claims it can prevent, treat or cure COVID-19, is dangerous. It amounts to traditional knowledge malpractice.  As COVID-19 makes its way into indigenous communities, so does the spread of misinformation about cures. On social media, we've seen posts by Native American herbalists telling us to drink herbal tea, along with tweets promoting the healing properties of essential oils that are allegedly "used by Native Americans." But when traditional knowledge is incorrectly shared as herbal "remedies" that can prevent, treat, or cure COVID-19, it presents a new threat.

Coronavirus Update :

A herbal tea blend containing licorice root and ginger, common antiviral herbs. While herbs can help address some symptoms of COVID-19 and are good for overall health, they do not prevent, treat, or cure coronavirus.

Herbal teas or essential oils will not cure COVID-19 and can even be harmful. As a traditionally trained ethno botanist and professor of environmental studies, and a graduate student and writer in public health, we see that sharing misinformation about herbal remedies and ethno botanical knowledge on social media is potentially negligent.

Reason for Death in America :

Scholars tell us that up to 90% of Native American or indigenous peoples died in the Americas when epidemics of new diseases brought by settlers devastated their populations. The few who survived often suffered long-term medical problems, including infertility and other reproductive problems, as they struggled to rebuild their families and communities.

Today, researchers and experts fully understand the danger of not knowing how a disease spreads or how to stop it. Before the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, claims of herbal "cures" began to circulate on social media. The WHO launched a page called Myth Busters in an effort to combat false or misleading claims about the prevention, treatment or cure of the virus, including the use of herbal remedies. The WHO's Myth Busters even created a cartoon meme of a smiling garlic head (Allium sativum), a traditional herb used by people around the world, which warned people it can't protect them from COVID-19.

Best Remedies for Protection from Coronavirus:

Rather than concocting potentially dangerous solutions in your kitchen, Sovndal advised adhering to public health officials’ guidance about social distancing and said getting plenty of sleep, eating well, avoiding stress and washing your hands often would help stave off infections more so than what you conjure up from your pantry.

Coronavirus Update WHO :

Infected People 638,146

Death confirmed 30,039